Enlightenment Vs Romanticism

Enlightenment vs. Romanticism The enlightenment was an 18th century movement that emphasized reason to change society and advance knowledge. The enlightenment changed how people all over Europe, and later North America, thought about religion, hierarchy, monarchy, and science. People began to question the church and there was a loss of unity in the Christian church. It was a time in which people began to think more about themselves without the influence of the government and their church. The enlightenment brought an age of rational, scientific and secular thinking. TheEnlightenment resulted in greater freedom and more humane treatment for all individuals as well as the scientific process. Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in late 18th century. It emphasized on individual's expression of emotions and imagination. Some people see it as the opening to modernity and others see it as the as the beginning of a tradition of resistance to the enlightenmen t. I see Romanticism as the new movement for cultural and aesthetic values and the rise of individualism. The way I understand it, enlightenment is more about basic morality and knowledge.Romanticism is more self-oriented, more about self-discovery. If I had to choose to which side I favor the most I'd go with the enlightenment because I believe more about that man are created equal and that education is important. However I can also favor romanticism because I believe every individual deserves freedom but also need to follow the rules so that we can be an orderly society. Hollywood Censored During the sass to sass moral censorship guidelines were established for many films produced by major studios in the United States.During the early sass there ere numerous of films that were morally questionable because they contained hardcore words, mature subject, and sexually suggestive dialogue. This lead to the creation of the motion picture production code, which established a series of re strictions to the production of films in the US. The church had to get involved on this subject because they were scared that their people would be morally hit. They turned in a list of the things that had to be restricted in the studios. Many of the restrictions were implemented because the studios didn't want the government to intervene.Many films even promoted traditional values that crime and sexual elation's were not attractive. Films showed that crimes had to be punished. Like in the movie surface the producers had to change the ending multiple times, the character was brought into trial at last. The studios worked under code for several decades until the sass when explicit films started appearing again and then in 1968 the code was dismissed and a new way of classifying films was established such as G for general, M for mature, and so on. I believe that the code was a good way to minimize crime because I think violent movies do a commit crimes. T us and make individual

Non thermal food preservation methods Essay

Food deteriorate in quality due to a wide range of chemical and enzymatic reactions, added to this the consumer demands faster production rate for high quality food with â€Å"fresh-like† characteristics and long shelf life, leading to the application of thermal processes for food preservation. However this thermal treatments cause undesirable effects on food flavor, color and nutritional attributes such as protein and vitamin destruction. These market conditions together with the disadvantages of the traditional food preservation technologies forced the food products manufacturers to seek for improvements in existing methods and the development of new preservation technologies. Called non-thermal food preservation methods, this new and emerging preservation techniques work by killing the microorganisms and inhibiting its enzymatic activity exerting a minimal impact on the nutritional and sensory properties of foods for an extended shelf life. Additionally non-thermal methods allow the processing of foods below temperatures traditionally used during thermal control processes, so flavors, vitamins and essential nutrients undergo minimal or no change. â€Å"They are also considered to be more energy efficient and to preserve better quality attributes than conventional thermally based processes. Non-thermal processes also meet industry needs by offering value-added products, new market opportunities and added safety margins (Morris et al., 2007)†. Foods can be non-thermally processed by high hydrostatic pressure, ultrasound, filtration, irradiation, hurdle technologies and electric methods such as pulsed electric fields, oscillating magnetic fields and high-voltage discharge. â€Å"Due to technological developments, high pressure processing and high electric field pulse processing have received increased attention during the last decade (Butz & Tauscher, 2002)  ¨. The main purpose of this assignment is to give a detailed review and approach to the non-thermal preservation technologies of pulsed electric field processing and high hydrostatic pressure processing by individually analyzing the objectives, equipment and process employed, effects in the food components and properties, and comparing and contrasting the advantages and disadvantages of each method to conclude which process can preserve in longer and in better shape the characteristics that define a â€Å"commercially† high quality product. PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD (PEF) Constituting a non-thermal treatment for food preservation which has a variety of uses in the field of food conservation, ranging from microorganism or enzyme inactivation and deceleration in liquid food to mass transfer process in plant materials (Wang et al., 2013). The application of PEF includes the implementation of short repeated high voltage pulses to form cell membranes and develops an alternative to the traditional pasteurization process in the food industry based on thermal processing (Janositz et al., 2011). Liquid, semi-liquid and solid food can undergo pulsed electric field processing. Objective Pulsed electric field processing use a strong defined system that rarely changes its foundations allowing it to keep the general objective of the non-thermal preservation technologies, inhibiting the enzymatic activation of that causes food decomposition using continuous intensive electrical pulses between electrodes to treat foods that consequently, inactivate microorganisms Equipment The food products that will be treated is a critical factor in design and equip with the adequate machinery the PEF system chamber, its hygienic design is also determining for the quality and safety of foods that will be treated and produced. The commonly used equipment for the pulsed electric field system consists of a high-voltage power source, and energy storage capacitor bank, a charging current limiting resistor, a switch to discharge energy from the capacitor across the food, and a treatment chamber (Ortega-Rivas, 2012). Treatment systems used in the pulsed electric field treatment can be classified as batch or continuous (Zhang et all., 2010). Batch or static system chamber consist in two parallel plates that provide the most uniform electric field area. Continuous have the same equipment for the high voltage pulse generator but also incorporate a pumping continuous system that allows the nonstop processing, necessary for the industrial application. Process Development The bank of capacitors is charged by a direct current power source from the amplified current main source. An electrical switch is used to discharge energy stored in the capacitor bank across the food held in the preservation/treatment chamber Mechanism of Action Pulsed electric field manages different types of voltages that cause different implications in the processed food, generating a short burst of high voltage to a food placed between two electrodes. When subjected to a higher electric voltage, a large flux of electric current flows through food surface acting a conductors because of the present of charge carriers like ions (Ortega-Rivas, 2012). Although the detailed mechanism that pulsed electric field uses to inactivate the enzymes and microorganism has not been fully clarified, two theories have been proposed: the dielectric breakdown theory and the electroporation theory (Zhang et all., 2010). In the dielectric breakdown mechanism a cell membrane with induced potential starts to compress from reversible pores to irreversible on the membrane, on the other hand the electroporation theory mechanism on a cell membrane makes a osmotic unbalance that swells and leads to a the membrane rupture. HIGH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE (HHP) High hydrostatic pressure alters the equilibrium between protein-protein and protein-solvent interactions at different levels of pressure and time combinations causing minimal loss of vitamins and flavor compounds maintaining the sensory and nutritional quality attributes of food products. Known for its versatility in its applications, HHP provides new alternatives in food products such as cakes, jams, sauces and fruit juices making the further investigation of high hydrostatic pressure is necessary for seeking more advantages in other food processing products (Yang et all., 2012). Like pulsed electric field process, high hydrostatic pressure is an alternative to conventional thermal pasteurization for food preservation (Yang et all., 2012). Objective Using up to 600 MPa of high pressure, high hydrostatic pressure objective is to achieve microbial inactivation or to alter the food attributes in order to obtain consumer-desired qualities maintaining its natural freshness and extending its shelf life, causing minimal changes in the original characteristics of food by eliminating thermal degradation. Equipment Although the equipment used for high hydrostatic pressure is expensive and specialized, due to its popularity is available in a variety of types and quality. Every high hydrostatic pressure system consist of multiple components, its main constituents are the pressure vessel and its enclosure, the pressure generator system, the temperature control device and materials handling adaptation (Ortega-Rivas, 2012). The main factors food producers must consider when building the main components of an HHC system like pressure vessels are stress endurance, resistance and corrosion. High-pressure vessel is usually made of low-alloy steel (Bhat, 2011). Process Development Place the food package in a sterilized container and load it in the pressure chamber. Fill the pressure chamber with water and hold under pressure for the time required to pressurize the vessel. Depressurize the chamber and remove processed food. . After pressurization, the food is kept under high pressure for the required process time. Depressurization can be done faster. Mechanism of Action HHP removes air from the food packaging the products. During the pressurizing process the time required to pressurize the vessel is influenced by the compressibility and the nature of the food material but independent to the quantity of food placed in the pressure vessel (Ortega-Rivas, 2012). There are two types of pressurization systems, direct and indirect (Ortega-Rivas, 2012). The indirect pressurization system is pumped through a high-pressure intensifier into the pressure vessel, the intensifier is used to increase the pressure to desired levels. This system requires high-pressure tubing and appropriate fittings to convey the medium into the pressure vessel. In direct system, the pressure intensifier and the pressure vessel worked as a large single unit, so a piston is used to deliver the high pressure to the product. The limitations of this system are that it requires heavy duty seals that can withstand the repeated opening or closure and the need of a large number of seals between the pressure vessel and the piston. EFFECTS The wide field of application that both PEF and HHP have led to find in the literature many of experiments where the positives effects of this two process are observed in any kind of food products. Their most common effects are the inactivation of microorganisms and the enhance of biological compounds. Pulsed Electric Field Extension of shelf life produced by PEF has been reported. Antioxidant components such as anthocyanins, carotenoids, phenolic compounds and vitamin C are very sensitive to heat, effects of PEF is very low making it an excellent alternative to the thermal processes that lead to the loss of antioxidant and bioactive compounds (Bhat,2011). PEF effects in important parameters that determine the â€Å"commercial† quality of a final product have been demonstrated. Food parameters like drying, extraction and pression of solid texture can improve if using the suitable electrical load (Zhang et all., 2010). Enzyme inactivation after a PEF treatment is the secondary most important effect. High Hydrostatic Pressure By enabling the enzyme activation HHC prevents the rapidly and uniform propagation of microorganism throughout the food, making this the main effect in benefit of the product quality. APPLICATIONS As established at different points throughout the text, the applications of this two methods are used in all the food industry fields. Vegetable and meat product industries use these technologies to maintain fresh-like sensory qualities on its products. Sea food and juices and beverages focus more in increasing the water uptake and water holding properties (Klonowski et all.,2006). ADVANTAGES The main advantages of PEF and HHP in comparison with the thermal preservation process is the fact that their quality has been proved in products that globe all the types of food industries. Competition between the various types of processes makes companies optimize everyday technologies to deliver better quality products. DISADVANTAGES Due to the difficulty that represents obtaining the materials to build the machinery and the time that it takes, makes using PEF and HHP a privilege for those companies that can afford the high cost of manufacturing and maintenance. CONCLUSION HHP has a clear advantage over PEF due to the effects that water pressure have against inactivation of microorganisms, more effective than the electric pulses. REFERENCES Bhat, R., Alias, A.K., & Paliyath, G. (2011). Progress inf Food Preservation (1st ed). Wiley. Butz, P. & Tauscher B. (2002). Emerging technologies: chemical aspects. Food Research International, 32(2-3), 279-284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0963-9969(01)00197-1 Janositz, A., Noack, A.K., & Knorr, D. (2011). Pulsed electric fields and their impact on the diffusion characteristics of potato slices. LWT- Food Science and Technology, 44(9), 1939-1945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2011.04.006 Klonowski, I., Heinz, V., Toepfl, S., Gunnarsson, G., & Porkelsson, G. (2006). Applications of Pulsed Electric Field Technologies for the Food Industry. Icelandic Fisheries Laboratories. http://www.avs.is/media/avs/Skyrsla_06-06.pdf Morris, C., Brady, A., & Wicker, L. (2007). Non-Thermal Food Processing/Preservation Technologies: A Review with Packaging Implications. Packaging Technology and Science, 20(4), 275-286. doi/10.1002/pts.789/pdf Ortega-Rivas, E. (2012). Non-thermal Food Engineering Operations (1st ed). Washington State University, USA. Saldaà ±a, G., Puà ©rtolas, E., Monfort, S., Raso, J., & Alvarez, I. (2011). Defining treatment conditions for pulsed electric field pasteurization of apple juice. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 151(1), 29-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.07.033 Wang, Z., Wang, J., Guo, S., Ma, S., & Yu, S.J. (2013). Kinetic modeling of Maillard reaction system subjected to pulsed electric field. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2013.06.007 Yang, B., Shi, Y., Xia, X., Xi, M., Wang, X., Ji, B.,& Meng, J. (2012). Inactivation of foodborne pathogens in raw milk using high hydrostatic pressure. Food Control, 28(2). 273-278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.04.030 Zhang, H., Barbosa-Canovas, G., Balasubramaniam, V., Bala, M., Dunne, C., Farkas, D., & Yuan, J.(2010). Nonthermal Processing Technologies for Food (1st ed). Wiley.

Why the Book Was Written

Thesis: Elizabeth Johnson wrote the book â€Å"Consider Jesus Waves of Renewal in Christology† because she wanted to present the changes happening in Christology. Elizabeth Johnson's book, Consider Jesus: Waves of Renewal in Christology book is ordered according to various â€Å"waves† in 20th century Catholic Christology, using these movements as starting points to discuss various areas of historical theology as well. This is based on an historical overview that interprets the history of Catholic Christology as that of a living tradition, always developing in new directions.Chapter six, on liberation Christology, Johnson uses this opportunity to portray the â€Å"either-or† aspect of the person of Jesus, making it clear that the historical Jesus was neither merely a wise sage nor merely a god in heaven . When it comes to the situation of the poor, she says, â€Å"neutrality is not possible† (94), particularly since Jesus is the liberator of the poor, as h e said when he began his ministry.Johnson goes into the area of theology on which she has had the most influence, feminist theology In addition, she points out that during Jesus’ ministry, especially during the crucifixion and resurrection, women acted as faithful apostles in ways that men often did not. In her preface she states â€Å"the purpose was to present the fundamental rethinking taking place in Christology to persons who are actively involved in ministries in the church or who are seeking greater understanding of their faith. † based on this statement I think her purpose for writing this book is to help give believers an open mind in the different areas of Christology.

Discuss Thomas Paine's THE RIGHTS OF MAN as a product of its time Essay

Discuss Thomas Paine's THE RIGHTS OF MAN as a product of its time - Essay Example But in 1793, he was imprisoned in France for not supporting the execution of the French King, Louis XVI. While being imprisoned, he wrote the Age of Reason, an anti-church work, and very narrowly escaped execution due to efforts of US Minister James Munroe and later went to America on an invitation from Thomas Jefferson where he died a rather disillusioned man in 1809. Thomas Paine was undoubtedly one of the most intellectual products of his time. His time was dominated by the French Revolution, the most important and horrifying event in Europe. While completely supporting the French Revolution, Paine was against the total anarchy, lawlessness and brutality that the revolution unleashed in the name of liberty. He could not bring himself to support the terrible execution of the monarch and was unhappy about the pointless murders and humility of noble families. Even modern thinkers of the time, who had supported the Revolution, could not celebrate the unending rule of terror that eliminated a large number of guiltless and wiped out great scientists like Lavoisier â€Å"Every generation is, and must be, competent to all the purposes which its occasions require. It is the living, and not the dead, that are to be accommodated. When man ceases to be, his power and his wants cease with him; and having no longer any participation in the concerns of this world, he has no longer any authority in directing who shall be its governors, or how its government shall be organized, or how administered1† He was very conscious of the changing needs of people and societies. He always emphasized that the needs have to change according to times, needs could not be stagnant and old principles could not apply to new surroundings. Men can only take the old times as guidance wherever applicable, but they definitely cannot replicate old times to suit the new ones. In that context, again he argues: â€Å"The circumstances of the world are

Surveillance is increasingly being used in the workplace, what are the Essay

Surveillance is increasingly being used in the workplace, what are the cost and benefits for the business - Essay Example This study was conducted to investigate the implications of surveillance systems on companies such as the British Airways. It takes a look at the various ways in which surveillance systems affect consumers and personnel in actual scenarios. Looking at how surveillance is important or not for a business is significant because it proves to be a ‘necessary evil’ that may provide a lot of benefits than what is expected. But with the revision of rights of employees in the workplace, surveillance is now frowned upon as a form of breaching one’s personal space. When misused and abused, the utilization of surveillance in the workplace could lead to more complications such as lawsuits and other legal matters. Companies which are not built to handle these kinds of negative impacts may soon be well out of business, leading to great financial loss and ultimately to the closure of the company. On the other hand surveillance technology, if applied correctly will result to the o pposite; it may lead to customer and employee satisfaction which may lead to an increase on profit and therefore contributing to the growth and financial well-being of the company. This study was conducted primarily through research work with most of the references herein are taken from online sources which proves to be fairly reliable. One of the primary concerns of any business organisation is the satisfaction of their customers. The saying â€Å"the customer is always right† is universally followed by many of business companies around the world. Today, due to better definitions of labour codes a company must not only look upon the satisfaction of the customer but also of their employees. The employees are the backbone of any company for without them a company will be just a heap of unorganized set of ideas waiting to materialize. Though employees are important, there are quite a significant number of unscrupulous ones so a method must be devised to somehow monitor the activities of

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 75

Case Study Example In making sure, that their products gets well and be recognized worldwide with an aspect of reaching remote area, the company requires using cloud computing as a tool for marketing their products at large. The introduction of Apple iPhone and iPad products and Android smart phones (Trippy) are the best example of electronics devices that makes use of cloud technology in that with the access of internet on your device, you will be able to get hold of various contents on the web. In consideration of online web content and the aspect of cloud technology based on the online publication, Lonely Planet is required to unveil all of its publications into PDF files for other device be able to open it anywhere easily. However, analyzing the marketing channel conflicts, the issue of going online with its contents is expensive and requires special attention in terms of content update, changes on the web hosting articulations and the customer’s preferences since not all customers around the globe will be able to have this digital devices. However, engaging into digital travelling guide, Lonely Planet Company requires to adopt the strategic plans of using Google mapping to enable their customers specifically tap in the location to where they are going. This will help to resolve the issue of unnecessary pages that the customer do not requires at

The Role of Micro and Macro Factors In Business Decision Making Essay

The Role of Micro and Macro Factors In Business Decision Making - Essay Example This paper illustrates that economics enables firm’s in making the decision related to the production such as infrastructure and input cost, number of units, number of labor and their wages, and utility expenses, etc. are in a way to meet the market demand profitably. Additionally, the pricing decisions with profit margins are conducted on the basis of the competitive landscape of the business. All these plays defining a role in the future revenue stream for the business. Also, economics enables firm’s in making the decision-related to the production such as infrastructure and input cost, number of units, number of labor and their wages, and utility expenses, etc. are in a way to meet the market demand profitably. Additionally, the pricing decisions with profit margins are conducted on the basis of the competitive landscape of the business. All these are critical to maintaining the economic objective of achieving profitability for the firm. In addition to this, a manufa cturing concern like other businesses is also required to understand the macroeconomic factors. For example, government policies in the UK are attractive for local and international wind energy producers. These investments have the role in generating employment. The unemployment level and labor policy of the government will determine the cost of labor for the business (both skilled and unskilled). It also has an impact in determining the future demand for the business product. UK government has also lowered taxation to attract investors in the energy sector. In addition to these fiscal and monetary policy implications, GDP of the economy that determines the purchasing power of the people, etc. Also, the international trade regulations and policies of the country are also important to understand in case the input is imported from abroad or is to be exported to other countries. Hence, business economic play a guiding role in surviving and running and business successfully.

1000 words Health Promotion in the Workplace Essay

1000 words Health Promotion in the Workplace - Essay Example Legislations are the rules that the government creates and imposes them on all health care organizations (Ashcroft, 2007). The state does this to ensure that health care givers treat patients using the safest methods. Legislations also help to protect the rights of both patients and health care givers. Ethical issues, on the other hand, are standards that help to determine actions that may be accepted by the society (Scriven, 2010). Ethical considerations help to emphasize and complement legislations. This means that health promoters use ethics whether there are legislations or not. This is because both ethics and legislations support one another when they exist, and when one is absent, the other is applicable (Seedhouse, 2009). For example, when an individual is suffering from type 2 diabetes, ethical considerations require health care givers to maintain the confidentiality of the disease between them and patients. Legislation on the other hand prevents individuals from compelling others to inform when they are suffering from illnesses such as type 2 diabetes. State legislations help to safeguard patients from being discriminated against and from being provided with poor services in health care centres. For example, the â€Å"Equality Act of 2010† protects diabetes victims from being shown prejudice at the workplace (Kronenfeld, 2012). This rule requires employers to give diabetes patients equal employment opportunities like others who do not suffer from the illness. Legislations also enable diabetes patients to enjoy the freedom of autonomy by requiring health providers to maintain the confidentiality of patient’s information. Health care givers are not supposed to expose the diabetes condition of a patient without the consent of that recipient (Ham, 2009). Health care givers also have the right to maintain the confidentiality of their condition when they suffer

Mechanisms determining Temperature of the climate Essay

Mechanisms determining Temperature of the climate - Essay Example ave expressed high sense of will power towards the combating of climate change, their major problem has been on the specific steps to take in implementing the various policies that are suggested among climate change advocates. As a step towards solving this problem, this report is targeted towards drafting a policy that will be well defined in the strategies and principles. This is to say that the major component of the policy report will be to spell out the policies and ways of implementing them in a language that will be eaily understood by all users of the policy. Again, the policy in itself will aim at curbing the dangers associated with climate change. Further on, the various mechanisms that determine temperature in climate change will be highlighted so that needed solutions can easily be identified and worked towards. The report has been done in such a way that all terminologies that relate to climate system are defined in detail to make understanding of the report easier. In the subject of physics, we see natural and artificial mechanisms of work, involving the flow of particles and other objects. Because in the climate change, there is the flow of energy, we can generally describe the climate system as also being physics. Box (n.d) notes that â€Å"The Earth’s climate, at both global and regional scales, is the result of dynamic balances in the flows of energy, when averaged over sufficiently large time and space scales. Here, the major energy being referred to is heat energy. Most commonly, the time frame for measuring this equilibrium is twenty-five (25) years. On a global perspective, the climate system is determined on regional basis such as for countries. The mechanism that goes to play in labeling a particular region with a particular climate is a measure of the whether that has existed there for a number of years. In this direction, the Met Office (2010) explains that â€Å"climate is the average weather we expect over a long period of time.† It must

Summary the article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Summary the article - Essay Example conclusion, notes and references with details of writers, Keywords used in the study include bargaining agency fees, free riding, trade union membership and union joining. Free riding has been a contentious issue in Australian industrial relations. 51.7 % employees are considered as deliberately free riding. Implications of findings for union renewal have been discussed in the study. Large numbers of Australian workers take a free ride on union membership gaining the benefits of union coverage without paying costs of provision. Unionists view this as unfair. The study discusses free riding in detail, explains methods used for survey and discusses implications for public policy and union strategy. Unions cannot provide services free of cost but at the same time cannot afford to loose members. Free riding is important issue since it deprives unions of financial resources that could be used for organizing and power resources that could be used at the bargaining table and in the political arena. Data gathered helps to test whether benefits motivate people to join unions or not. The study differentiates between true free riders and induced riders. In USA, free riding is covered by union contracts. Cases in USA, Britain and New Zealand have been discussed as empirical studies. There are varieties of motivations for employees for joining or not joining unions basing on demography and worker characteristics. In Australia, free riding has increased from 1930s to 1990s due to decline in compulsory membership. In1990 agency fee of AUS $ 500 was increased from 300. It was imposed by ETU, and contributed a lot towards free riding. In 2001, fees were challenged but AIRC rejected the chall enge. In 2003, compulsory fees were outlawed under Act 2003 passed by Liberal National Government. Data used is based on AWRPS 2004, which surveyed 1000 Australian workers. Computer assisted telephone interviews were conducted from October

Who needs Superstars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Who needs Superstars - Essay Example A corporate superstar is someone that shines above al of the rest and the article refers to the fact that there is not enough talent in corporate America. There are the Bill Gates and the Donald Trumps of the business world but every organization needs their own Gates and Trumps and having just one in the organization is not enough. However, Article 18 points out that the Gates and Trumps of the corporate world are rare. The article likens them to unicorns, the mythical beast with special powers and explains that many corporations dedicate their resources to discovering a unicorn. It also examines the fact that there are not enough unicorns out there and presents a solution to this problem. There article also includes a discussion of what a corporation has to do with the unicorn once they find it. If one of these corporate superstars is expected to perform to their capabilities and display their talent they must be challenged. The difficulty in this is that talent is so rare it is easier for an organization to dedicate their resources to working with a group of normal individuals to acquire talent out of the group of them. Article 18 also details the problems that organizations have with structure. It describes initiative programs put into motion by corporations but and also details how most times these initiatives are not followed through with. It is necessary for the talent in the company to be challenged in order for them to prosper but Article 18 points out that in most companies this is not done. Application The premise of talent can be applied to my life and my place of work. Where I work everyone does what they are supposed to do to keep their jobs and not much more. I work with some very intelligent people who actually are probably very talented. However, their talent does not rise to the top because they are not challenged. I believe that there is routine in the workplace and this gives an atmosphere for mediocrity. The work environment is one of routine and if initiatives were given and followed through with, I think that more people might go the extra step and their true talent and potential would surface. I think that potential is a very important word in this discussion because its as if not enough people perform to their potential. At my workplace, the employees walk around like robots and do their tasks in a routine manner giving nothing extra. However, it is important to point out that hard work is not rewarded in the company I work for. That brings up another point that needs to be addressed and that is does hard work have to be rewarded or should it be expected I feel that talented people in an organization are those individuals that put one hundred percent effort into everything that do. I also that they do this not to be rewarded but because that is how they perform and that is what makes them talented. The problem is how to get the talent out of people. The question that is being examined in this portion is how to apply this premise to a place of work. As I pointed out my placer of work is filled with individuals who do what is expected of them and nothing more. Would initiatives work I believe some motivation would be helpful but as Article 18 pointed out an initiative program needs structure and must be followed through with. I think that at my place of work there would be no structure to an initiative plan. I do feel it would be embraced at the beginning but would eventually fade out and everyone's attitude would be back to where it is now. This brings up the point of being rewarded and expecting it. I know all

Contribution in Religious Essay Example for Free

Contribution in Religious Essay ShÄ h WalÄ «ullÄ h was born in 1703, four years before the death of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. His genealogy can be traced back to the family of Umar ibn al-Khattab. He received a structured education and spiritual instruction at the madrasa (religious school) established by his father, Shah Abd al-Rahim, at Delhi. Along with the Quran, he studied Arabic and Persian grammar and literature and the higher philosophical, theological, metaphysical, mystical and juridical texts. He graduated from the school when he was barely fifteen years old; in the same year, his father initiated him into the famous Naqshbandi order. He began his career as a teacher at the Madrasa-e-Rahimia under the tutelage of his father; after the death of the latter in 1719, Shah Waliullah became the head of the madrasa, teaching all the current sciences at the school for about twelve years. During the same period he continued his own studies, growing in stature as a teacher and attracting students to his circle. In 1731 he went to the Hijaz on a pilgrimage (Hajj) and stayed there for fourteen months studying Hadith and Fiqh under such distinguished scholars as Abu Tahir al-Kurdi al-Madani, Wafd Allah al-Makki, and Taj al-Din al-Qali. During this period he came into contact with people from all parts of the Muslim world and, thus, obtained first-hand information about the conditions then prevailing in the various Muslim countries. During this time, he also saw the forty-seven spiritual visions which form the subject matter of his famous mystical work Fuyud al-haramayn (Emanations or Spiritual Visions of Mecca and Medina). He returned to Delhi in 1733, where he spent the rest of his life in producing numerous works till his death in 1763 during the reign of Shah Alam II. The most important of Shah Waliullahs works is his á ¸ ¤ujjat AllÄ h al-BÄ ligha in which he made an attempt to present the teachings of Islam in a spirit of scientific objectivity. The range of his works include: economic, political, social, meta-physical, as well as purely theological aspects. Shah Waliullah married twice in his lifetime, first when he was 14 years old. He had a son and a daughter from his first marriage. He concluded the second marriage sometime after his return to India. He had four sons and a daughter from his second marriage. His historically significant contribution is that, when Marathas were expanding their area of control towards the Northwest of India, Shah Waliullah and some other Muslim leaders of India kept writing letters to Ahmad Shah Durrani,the Muslim ruler of Afghanistan, to keep him informed of the developments in India. Ahmad Shah Durrani was finally persuaded to return to India to confront the Marathas. Consequently, in 1761, in the decisive Battle of Panipat, Marathas were defeated by Ahmad Shah Durrani and his allied forces. Al-Irshad ila-Muhimmat-I-Ilm-al-Isnad (Arabic)- is about the scholars of Hejaz who taught Shah Waliullah. Izalat al-Khafa an Khilafat al- Khulfa (Persian) Al-Fauzul Kabir Fi Usoolu-Tafseer (Arabics) Atayyab al-naghm fi Madh-I-Saiyid al- Arab wal-Ajam (Arabic)- A collection of odes eulogizing the holy Prophet which speak of Shahs poetic talent and love towards Prophet. Altaf al-Quds (Persian) Deals with esoteric principles of mysticism. Al-Imdad-o-fi Maathir al-Ajdad (Persian)- A brochure giving Shah Waliullah’s genealogical table and containing brief notices about some of his ancestors. Al-Intibah-o-fi Salasil-il-Aulia Allah (Persian)- Gives the history and brief introduction of different mystic orders. Insan al-ain fi Mashikh al-Haeamyn (Persian) Al insaf-o-fi Bayan-I-Asbab al-Ikhtalaf (Arabic) Anfas aal Arifin (Persian) Al-Budur al-Bazigha (Arabic)- This work on theology employs philosophical terminology in discussing human nature and social behavior. Bawariq al-Wilayah (Persian)- The tract forms part of the Anfas al-Arifin in which the Shah has described the life and spiritual attainments of his father Shah Abdur Rahim. Tawil al-ahadith (Arabic)- It recount the stories of different prophets mentioned in the Quran in order to draw out lessons and rules of Shariah from the Quranic describtion. Tuhfatul Muwahhidin- It is a Persian tract explaining the creed of tauhid. Tarajim-o-Abwab al-Bukhari (Arabic)- It expounds the principles which would be found helpful in understanding certain difficult portions of the Bukhari. At-Tafhimat al-Ilahiyah (Arabic and Persian)- Its a mystical work, partly in Arabic and partly in Persian, giving the mystical experiences of Shah. Al-Juz al-Latif fi- Tarjumata al-Abd al- Dhayif(Persian) Hujjat Allah al-Baligha (Arabic)- The magnum opus of Shah has been discussed in the seventh section of this work. Husn al- Aqidah (Arabic)- The fundamental creed of Islam as accepted by the Ahli-I-Sunnat sect, has bee n expounded in this work in the light of Quran and Hadith. Al-Khair al-Kathir(Arabic)- This work on philosophy of religion elucidates the concept of marifat and wisdom of Divine Names, revelation etc. Ad-durrus Thamain fi-Mubashshiratil Nabi al-Amin (Arabic)- It is a collection of glad tidings the Shah and his ancestors had had from the holy Prophet. Diwan-o-Ashar (Arabic)- A collection of the Arabic verses of the Shah. Risalah- was written in reply to certain mystical issues raised by Shaikh Abdullah bin Abdul Baqi. Risalah Danishmandi (Persian) A valuable tract containing detailed directions in regard to methodology of teaching. Zahrawayn- A commentary on the Surat-ul-Baqarah and Imran. Surur al- Mahzun (Persia)- It is a concise Persian rendering of the Kitab Nur al-Uyun il-Amin al-Mamun a well-known biography of the holy Prophet. Sharh-o-Tarajim-I-Abwab-I-Sahih al-Bukhari (Arabic)- is an annotation on certain chapters of the Sahih of Bukhari. Shifa al-Qulub (Persian)- is a tract of mysticism. Shawariq al-Marifat (Persian)- a biography of the Shahs Uncle Shaikh Abdul Raza. Al-Atiyatus Samadiyah Fi Anfas Al-Muhammadiyah (Persian)- this small brochure contains a biographical sketch of the Shahs maternal grandfather Shaikh Muhammad Phulti. Iqd Al-Jid Fi-Aakham Al-Ijtihad Wat-Tajdid (Arabic) Fath-ur-Rahman (Persian)-a translation of the Quran. Fath-al-Kabir (Arabic)- A glossary of the intricate words of the Quran. In the 18th century, Islam in the Sub-continent was faced with menacing problems. Sectarian conflict, low moral tone of the society, poor understanding of the Holy Quran, and general ignorance of Islam were just some of the issues which gave rise to fear that political collapse would be accompanied by religious disintegration. This did not happen; rather an era of religious regeneration was inaugurated, which was due more than anything else to the activities of one man, Shah Wali Ullah. Early ages of Shah wali Ullah Shah Waliullah was born in the 21st of February. 1703 CE, in the town of Phulat in Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India. His father, Shah Abdur Rahman was a great scholar and a mystic. he named his boy Qutubuddin Ahmad. The name Shah Waliullah is given to him by people because Waliulla means close to God. So his complete name was Shah Waliullah Qutubuddin Ahmad. Education Training His father took special pain in the education and the training of his son. Shah Waliullah was introduced to Islamic education at the age of five and completed the recitation of the Qura’an by the age of sevenAt the special age of 15, Hazrat Shah Waliullah had completed his education and then became a disciple (mureed) of his father who gave him spiritual training. When he was 17, his father died, for 12 years he taught in the fashion of his father. Pilgrimage to Makkah In 1143 H.E. the 23 year old Shah Waliullah decided to perform the pilgrimage to Makkah. Despite the perils(Dangerous Journey) that lay on the journey; he reached the Mecca on 14 Dhul Qadha 1143 H.E. and performed the Hajj and then proceeded to Medina. There, he attended the discourses on Sahih Al Bukhari from Sheikh Abu Tahir Muhammad Bin Ibraheem Kurdi Madani. The Sheikh directed him in the study of the six Sahihs (Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmidhi, Abu Dawood, Nasa’ai, Ibn Ma’ajah), He returned to Makkah, performed the hajj again and learned the Muwatta Imam Maalik from Sheikh Wafadullah Maliki Makki, attended the discourses on Sahih Al Bukhari from Sheikh Tajuddin Hanafi Qalaei Makki for a few days and learned the six Sahihs from him. He was granted permission to teach all the books of hadith by Sheikh Tajuddin. After 14 months of stay in Arabia, two hajj pilgrimages and learning the books of hadith from the scholars of the holy cities, Shah Waliullah finally returned to India in early 1145 H.E. the journey home lasted six months and he reached Delhi on Friday 14 Rajab 1145 H.E. on reaching home, he started teaching again and writing until his death three decades later. OR Twice he performed the Hajj pilgrimage. He attained a certificate of Proficiency in Hadith from the famous scholar, Shaikh Abu Tahir Bin Ibrahim of Madina, when he was in Arabia, the marhatta turmoid was at its height and his friends advised Hazrat Shah Waliullah to stay in Arabia. As such he left Arabia in 1145 AH and reached Delhi on 14 Rajab 1145 AH. Work of Shah Wali Ullah On reaching Delhi, he devoted most of his time in writing books and to preaching in public meetings. The teaching activity was limited to the lessons of Hadith. The political and the moral degeneration of the Muslims had tremendous effects on the sensitive thinking mind of Hazrat Shah Waliullah. His famous book â€Å"Al-Tafheematul llahia† minutely pen points all the various defects, shortcomings and vices, which had taken roots in various sections of the Muslims. His aim, metaphorically speaking, was to destroy the rotten moral buildings and to reconstruct a new mansion over it. He bluntly wrote in one of his writings â€Å"I have arrived to destroy every old in region at present. Quran Translation into PersiAN LANGUAGE The most monumental task he performed was to translate the Quran from Arabic to Persian which was the language spoken by the Muslims at that time in India. His aim was that educated Muslims may have access to the Quran without depending on the scholars who had opposed his reformatory measures. The short sighted ullama gathered and wanted to kill him for his sin of translating the Quran from Arabic to Persian but he continued with his task till he completed it. This task was appreciated by Allah so much so that the Quran is translated to many languages. Hujatul Baligdh (Popular Book) Apart from the Holy Quran, Shah Waliullah also wrote authentic books on Hadith, the principles of Hadith, Tafseer and on mystical subjects. But the most popular book of â€Å"Hujatul Baligdh†. This book explains how Islam was found suitable for all races, cultures and people of the world and how successfully it solves social, moral, economic and political problems of human beings. Al Fauzul Kabeer Fee Usool .Al Fauzul Kabeer Fee Usool at Tafseer, a booklet in Persian that follows his Persian translation of the Quran. It contains the nucleus of the Quran, the rules for interpretation, and interpretations of the Quran by other famous scholars Analyzing his political thought, Iqbal states: The Prophetic method of teaching, according to Shah Waliullah is that, generally speaking, the law revealed by a prophet takes especial notice of the habits, ways and peculiarities of the people to whom he is specifically sent. The Prophet who aims at all-embracing principles, however, can neither reveal different peoples nor leave them to work out their own rules of conduct. His method is to train one particular people and to use it as a nucleus for the build up of a universal `Shariah. In doing so, he accentuates the principles underlying the social life of all mankind and applies them to concrete cases in the light of the specific habits of the people immediately before him. (Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam) Letters By Shah Wali Ullah He wrote open letters to:  · Mughal rulers, to give up their corrupt and inefficient practices.  · Soldiers, for forgetting to inculcate within themselves the spirit of Jihad.  · Artisans, workers and peasants, reminded them that on their labors the economic prosperity of the state depends.  · The Emperor, to teach a lesson to the Jats threatening the Mughal Empire and also wrote to him not to give jagirs to mansabdars, who were not loyal to the state.  · Masses, to be conscious of their duties and not to indulge in the accumulation of wealth. He wrote to Ahmad Shah Abdali to give up the life of ease, draw the sword and not to sheath it till the distinction is established between true faith and infidelity. His efforts resulted in Maratha debacle at the hands of Ahmad Shah Abdali and Najibud Daula in the third battle of Panipat in 1761 A.D. The times of Shah Waliullah Shah Waliullah lived during the times that can best be described as disastrous for the mughal dynasty in India. The descendants of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb are alleged to have squandered the wealth amassed by their forefathers on entertainment, dance, music and wasteful constructions. The Shiites exercised significant influence on the court. The kingdom was reeling under the severe spells of droughts, poverty, hunger, hopelessness and purported indifference and cruelty at the hands of their rulers. The character of the people were alleged to have fallen to the lowest levels of civilised behavior. According to Hazrath Salman Nadwi: The sway of the Moghal Empire was only namesake, Muslims were engulfed in wrongful and unnecessary traditions, frauds and scoundrels had kidnapped the graves of the pious and became their custodians, the seminaries were disputing on the topics of philosophy and wisdom, religious edicts were being literally interpreted by jurists. Leave alone the common men; even scholars were ignorant of the meanings and teachings of the Qura’an, hadith and theology Service to Mankind After returning from Mecca and Medina, the miserable condition of Indian Muslims inspired him to improve their character, buck up their morale, inculcate the feeling of selflessness and love for their fellows. He overhauled the existing education system, separated the faith from unlawful invented traditions (bidaat), unnecessary and unwanted suspicions regarding Islam and its holy books. He presented what he considered pure and pristine Islam to the people Death of Shah Sahab He died in Delhi on the year 1176 AH corresponding to 1762 AD, behind the central jail. There is a vast ground and a graveyard known popularly as â€Å"Mehindin Kakhitta† which contains in it the grave of Shah Waliullah and his progeny His Final Willâ€Å"The final will of this humble servant of Allah is that always hold tightly to the Qura’an and Sunnath in your beliefs and acts. Regularly evaluate yourself against them. Read them regularly and if you can’t, then find someone who can and listen to at least a couple of pages everyday Children of Shah Wali Ullah Shah Abdul Aziz Hazrat Shah Waliullah was fortunate of having children who were great scholars and god-fearing men like himself. His eldest son Shah Abdul Aziz was born in 1159 AH and died in 1238 AH corresponding to 1823 AD. At the age of 17 he had become an accomplished scholar and began teaching like his father. For 60 years, he continued teaching and preaching Islam. The blessing of his knowledge reached every corner of the Indian sub-continent. Because of his versatile genius he was giving the title â€Å"Ayatullah†, a sign of God. Rafi-uddin The second of Shah Waliullah Rafi-uddin. He was born in 1163 AH and died in 1233 AH. His scholarly qualities may well be judged from the fact that when Shah Abdul Aziz had become to teach he passed on his responsibilities to Shah Rafi. Among the work of Shah Rafi his urdu translation of the Holy Quran Shah Abdul Qadir The third son of Shah Sahib was Shah Abdul Qadir who was born in 1162 AH and died in 1230 AH. He was also a big scholar by his nature, he loved solitude, and he spent his whole life in a secluded room of Akbar Badi mosque. He did not much attend to literary writings, however, his urdu translation under the title of â€Å"Mozih ul Quran† was his monumental achievement which is recognised by scholarly circles. Abdul Ghani His fourth son was Abdul Ghani. He was a saintly person. His son Shah Ismail Shaheed was a unique personality who had combined in himself all virtues of scholarly and mystical personalities. Conclusion In short, due to sincere and dedicated efforts of Shah Waliullah and his family the illustrious banner of Islam kept flying over the Indian sub continent despite the decline and fall of the Mughal empire. In Spain, the faith of Islam disappeared with disappearance of the Muslim rule. Many Muslims were killed and many were converted to Christianity. In India however the intention of the British Government did not realize and Muslim India did not convert to the faith of the ruling people despite missionary efforts of the British Government who spent millions of pounds on missionary activities and arranged lectures, debates and seminars to propagate their faith. The failure of the British Government in converting Muslim India was due to the dedicated efforts of Hazrat Shah Waliullah and his noble family. Shah Wali Ullah Biographical Details Shah Wall Ullah was born on 21 February 1703 during reign of Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir. His real name was Qutub-ud-Din, but he later became known Shah Wali Ullah because of his piety. His father was Shah Abdul Rahim, who founded the Madrassa Rahimiya in Delhi. When his father died in 1718 Shah Wali Ullah began teaching at the Madrassa. In 1724 Shah Wali Ullah went to Saudi Arabia to perform Haj and to further his studies. He studied under the famous Sheikh Abu Tahir bin Ibrahim,before returning to Delhi in 1732. Beliefs During his time in Saudi Arabia, Shah Wali Ullah thought deeply about the problems faced by Muslims in the Mughal Empire. The Empire was in decline and Muslims were disunited and vulnerable to attacks on their religion. Shah Wall Ullah realised that reform could not come from the weak leadership in Delhi and that it had to come from within the Muslim community itself. He believed that many of the problems of the Muslims resulted from their incomplete knowledge of Quran and about Islam in general — and that what was needed was for Quranic teachings to become more accessible to the people. A major problem for the Muslim community was the way that it was divided into sectarian groups, such as Sunnis and Shias. Shah Wall Ullah wanted them to concentrate on the fundamental principles of Islam and put aside their differences, believing that this would create a more united community. It was essential to follow the moral and spiritual principles of Islam in order to create a good society. Un-Islamic principles were not acceptable in any area of society, whether politics, economics or just the day-to-day lives of the individual Muslims. Work -Shah Wall Ullah worked hard to ensure that he was a role model for other Muslims. His deep understanding of the Quran, Hadith, Fiqah and Tasawuf made him a highly knowledgeable scholar at an early age. -Since he believed that an emphasis on Quranic teachings was vital to Muslims, he translated the Quran into Persian. Few Muslims spoke Arabic and so the Quran had not been widely studied previously. Now it could be understood by a larger number of Muslims. The ulema criticised Shah Wall Ullah, but his work proved very popular. Later his two sons, Shah Abdul Qader and Shah Rafi, translated the Quran into Urdu, which meant that many more people could study it. -In addition to translating the Quran, Shah Wall Ullah wrote fifty-one books. He wrote in both Persian and Arabic. Amongst the most famous were Hujjatullah-ul-Baligha and Izalat-Akhfa. He also wrote an account of the first four caliphs of Islam in a way that was acceptable to both Shias and Sunnis. He hoped that this would help to heal the division between them. His writings brought him great fame and prestige and enabled him to have influence in other areas too. For example, in economics he emphasized the need for social justice and for peasants and craftsmen to be truly valued for their contribution to the economy. -One of Shah Wali Ullah’s most important contributions to the Muslim community was his organisation of opposition to the Marathas, who were threatening to over-run the Mughal Empire from the south. He realised that the Muslims had to unite to deal with this threat, and that of the Sikhs who were attacking in the north. Shah Wall Ullah wrote to all the Muslim nobles calling on them to join together to save the Mughal Empire. It was partly his influence which helped to persuade Ahmed Shah Abdall of Persia to intervene. He joined forces with local Muslim leaders and defeated the Marathas at the Battle of Panipat in 1761. However, despite encouragement from Shah Wall Ullah, the Muslim leaders did not unite to take advantage of the defeat of the Marathas. Perhaps if they had done so, the Muslims would not have soon found themselves under non-Muslim rule. Importance Shah Wall Ullah’s contribution towards Islamic revival was extremely important for a number of reasons: -He was one of the first Muslim thinkers to state that the decline of the Mughal Empire and the vulnerable position of the Muslims were due to neglect of the principles of Islam. He believed that if the decline in the position of the Muslims was to be stopped, there had to be spiritual and moral regeneration. -He showed how this regeneration might take place. The Madrassa Rahimiya continued to play a vital role in teaching Islamic principles and researching Islamic thought. -His writing in Persian made Islamic teaching available to large numbers of Muslims who had not been able to understand Arabic. He believed that Muslims could only prosper if they followed proper Islamic customs and did not indulge in social evils. Shah Wali Ullah provided the inspiration for Muslims to lead a pure life, based on a belief that anti-social attitudes incurred the displeasure of God. -He also showed that a Muslim revival could only take place if there was an acceptance that sectarian division was to stop. Muslims had to concentrate more on the basic principles of Islam, and not allow the differences between them to lead to conflict.He tried to build bridges between the different Muslim sects and to unite the community. He tried to do this by organising opposition to the Marathas and uniting Muslims by emphasising the importance of Jihad against a common enemy. -He trained his sons to continue his work and had such a huge following that his work remained famous for many generations. Like all great reformers, Shah Wali Ullah’s influence continued long after his death. Not only did his writings survive and translated in many languages, but the Madrassa Rahimaya continued to flourish. Many future Islamic leaders were inspired by him to fight for the good of the Muslim community.

Konigsberg Bridge Problem

Konigsberg Bridge Problem The earliest paper on graph theory seems to be by Leonard Euler,Solutio problematic ad situs pertinentis,Commentarii Academetarii Scientiarum Imperialist Petropolitanae 8 (1736),128-140.Euler discusses whether or not it is possible to scroll around Konigsberg(later called the Pregolya exactly once. Euler gave the conditions which are necessary to permit such a stroll. Thomas Pennyngton Kirkman (1856) and Wiliam Roman Hamilton (1856) studied trips which certain sites exactly once. History of Euler paths and cycles An Eulerian path is a path in a graph which visits each edge exactly once in the theory graph .so, in the same way, an Eulerian circuit is an Eulerian path which starts and ends on the same vertex. They were first discussing by Leohard Eular while solving the famous Seven Bridges of Konigsberg problem in 1736. Mathematically the problem can be stated like this: Given the graph on the right, is it possible to construct a path (or a cycle for example, a path starting and ending on the same vertex) which visits each edge exactly once Graphs which allow the manufacture of so called Eulerian cycles are called Eulerian graphs. Euler observed that a necessary condition for the existence of Eulerian cycles is that all vertices in the graph have an even degree, and that for an Eulerian path either all, or all but two (i.e., the two endpoint) vertices have an even degree; this means the Konigsberg graph is not Eulerian. Carl Heierholzer published the first complete characterization of Eulerian graphs in 1873, by proving that in fact the Eulerian graphs are exactly the graphs which are connected and where every vertex has an even degree. Example using euler in our daily life is using in the teaching for set theory that widely use in the schools. Another example is to visualizing file system organization.it will allows files to appear in more than one directory in a computers file system. The history of the Konigsberg Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) is considered to have been the father of graph theory. His paper in 1736 on the seven bridges of Konigsberg is considered to have been the foundational paper in the subject. Konigsberg is a town, founded in 1256, that was originally in Prussia. After a stormy history, the town became part of Soviet Union and was renames Kaliningrad in 1946. In any event, during Eulers time the town had seven bridges (named Kramer, Schmiede, Holz, Hohe, Honig, Kottel, and Grunespanning) spanning the Pregel River. Figure 8.1 gives a simplified picture of how the bridges were originally configured (two of the bridges were later destroyed during World War II, and two other demolished by the Russians. History of Hamiltonian: Hamiltonian is introduced by Sir William Rowan Hamilton at 1857. He made a game called around the world and the originally in form of solid called dodecahedron. It has 20corners/for each corner, it called as town. The problem started when the travel started from one city to another city along the edge to arrive at city by only once arrived at one city. This is how the Hamiltonian is appearing. There is example of using Hamiltonian in life such as no-complete, n-cube and traveling salesman problem. Two types of Hamiltonian are Hamiltonian path and Hamiltonian cycle Introduction Path Path is the sequences of alternating vertices and edges. Which begin from a vertex and ended with a vertex. Each vertex is preceded and followed by its endpoints. Simple path Simple path is a path such that all its vertices and edges are distinct. Below is a graph that gives differences between path and simple path. Path 1: v,b,x,h,z(simple path) Path 2 : u,c, w,f,y,g,x,e,d,v(path) Example of path is the way of bus direction from one destination to another destination. In other hand, simple path is a path that no complicated for example the direction from faculty of FTSM to faculty of FUU. Cycle Circle is a circular sequence of alternating vertices and edges. Each edges is preceded and followed by its endpoints. Simple cycle Simple cycle is a cycle such that all its vertices and edges are distinct. Cycle: u,c,w,e,x,g,f,w,d,v,a,u Simple cycle:v,b,x,g,y,f,w,c,u,a,v, Example of using cycle in life is when we travel to another place then come back to our home with using the different ways. Another example in ukm is the bus ways for example bus zone 2 will make a circle to take student and will come back to the initial location where the busy will take a rest. For simple cycle, we always see in sport, such as the court for athletes running especially in event of 400 * 100 meters. Then, we also can see in power plant program that is simple cycle power plant (pp) program. It gives much benefit such as optimized design, reduced engineering costs, short lead times, increase availability and fast startups also high operational flexibility. Connected Graph Connected graph is a graph that there exists a path between all pairs of vertices. If a graph is a directed graph, there exist a path between vertexes to each other that in the graph, is called as strongly connected graph. The examples of disconnected graphs: Example of using connected graph is use in building. For example Menara Berkembar Petronas, there is a bridge to connect the two buildings. Another example is the bridge of Pulau Pinang. First use to connect the island and peninsular Malaysia. Example of disconnected graph is other hand than connected graph. For example the building of one employee is not connected by bridge with another employee. Next, the Island of Sipadan is not connected by a bridge with Borneo land. An Euler path in a graph is a path which traverses each edge of the graph exactly once. An Euler cycle is an Euler path which is contains cycle. If there are no loop graphs, without isolated vertices, the continuation of an Euler path implies the connected of the graph, since traversing every edge of such a graph requires visiting each vertex at least once. But, when the connected graph has an Euler path, one can be constructed by applying Fleurys algorithm. A connected graph has an Euler path if it has exactly zero or two vertices of odd degree. If every vertex has even degree, the graph has an Euler cycle. The definition and properties of Euler paths, cycles and graphs are valid for multigraph as well. The seven bridge of Konigsberg In Konigsberg, Germany, a river ran through the city such that in its centre was an island, and after passing the island, the river broke into two parts. Seven bridges were built, so that the people of the city could get from one part to another part. A crude map of the centre of Konigsberg might look like this: The people wondered whether or not, one could walk around the city in a way that would involve crossing each bridge exactly once. Degree of vertex Term of degree of vertex in graph theory is the number of edges which connected to a vertex. Degree of vertex also known as local degree. The list of all degree of vertex is called as degree sequences. One way to find the number of vertex is count the number of degree for each vertex that endpoint. An easy way is draw a circle around the vertex and count the number of edges that cross the circle. The degree of vertex can be add or even. if the degree of vertex is even, it is known as degree vertex and the other hand, if the degree of vertex is odd, the vertex is called an odd vertex. To find out the degree of graph is by choose the largest degree of vertex. Example graph with have odd and even vertex: Example degree of vertex is application of roundabout because there are many roads that connected. Either the value is odd or even. The road can be representing as edges and the roundabout as the vertex. Another example is the number of use degree of vertex in electrical pole such as the number of wire connected to the one pole. Hamiltonian path: Hamiltonian path is also called as traceable path. Hamiltonian path is a path that visits each vertex exactly one and not repeated for each vertex in a graph. Hamiltonian graph us use to solve a problem when find a path that only visited each vertex only one in a graph. Hamiltonian cycle: Hamiltonian cycle is a cycle that goes through the entire city (vertex) only once for a graph. It cannot be repeated to reach a city for a one cycle except the starting and the ended city. Results of research and real world examples Graphs can be used to represent oil flow in pipes, traffic flow on motorways, transport of pollution by rivers, groundwater movement of contamination, biochemical pathways, and the underground network. The example of Euler path: There are many useful applications to Euler circuits and paths. Networks can be used to solve many difficult problems, like the Konigsberg Bridge problem. The can also used by mail carrier who wants to have a route where they do not retrace any of their previous steps. Other than that, Euler circuits and paths are also useful to painters, garbage collector, airplanes pilots and world navigators. Below are the examples of how Euler circuit and paths are useful in the real world. The maps that pilots use are called route maps. The route maps show the paths of the airplanes from one destination to another. Here is an example of actual route map. The centre for all travel with this airline is in Denver, Colorado. From there, we can travel to some of the major cities in the surrounding states. The Navigation below is a trip to see all different regions of the world. The above regions of the world have all been given different colors. Each region also has been given marked with a node or vertex and some (but not all) of the regions are connected with arcs. Conclusions and recommendations As the conclusion towards this particular project, the study of graphs and their properties is a classical subject in most computer science department around the world. Graph Theory can be further exploited by object-oriented software engineering, taking advantage of recent research in various fields. Other than that, Graph theory is one of the top reasons to learn linear Algebra. So, all graphs (included directed, weighted, and multi-graphs) can be represented intuitive by adjency matrices, and matrix operations often end up being meaningful in terms of graph they represent. Seeing the connection between a graph and its matrix helps to understand both of them, and being able to switch back and forth between mental models is often useful. For example, a person in many fields of modeling, are mostly easily thought of the weight graphs, and are most easily manipulated as matrices. By learning the entire graph, the student can get many benefits by it especially the computer science student. So, our recommendation towards this topic in order to make the student easy to learn and improve themselves are for example, ask the student to make a lot of exercise. Other than that, ask them to make an assignment about this topic. So that the student can search many information based on this topic and become more familiar and understand about graph theory

Antigone, by Sophocles | Analysis

Antigone, by Sophocles | Analysis Antigone is a tragedy book written by Sophocles with a protagonist named Antigone who is very determined towards her only goal of burying her dead brother Polynices as mentioned in the play. At the other side full of contrast and with a different point of view is the book House of the spirits. House of spirits is a magnificent marathon of the Trueba family including their ambitions and their love for each other. In order to enable the readers continue reading to the very end of the whole book, their attention needs to be captured and allow whatever they are reading to be understood and interesting. And for all this to be done, the reader should be involved in the story emotionally ensuring that the reader is fully in the book and not to be fully lost in the story. This is where the writers take the advantage of using emotions which makes a reader feel closer to certain characters and understand each and every thing the writer is trying to portray. Emotions!! We all have different definitions and ways of what it is. According to the dictionary, emotion is a mental state that arises spontaneously rather than through conscious effort and is often accompanied by physiological changes. Therefore, in simpler terms, emotion is the language of a persons internal state of being. There are different types of emotions which may include joy, love, sad etc. There are various emotions present in both the books Antigone and House of the Spirits. The emotion portrayed most of the times in each of the books is Love. As a reader, we repeatedly see the emotion of love in House of the Spirits between Blanca and Pedro, Rosa and Esteban. The emotion of love is also present in Antigone between Antigone and Haemon. There is also brother-sister love presented in the play through Antigone and the dead brother Polynices. The other emotion present in both the books is emotion of hate. According to the dictionary, hate is defined as the feeling for extreme aversion or extreme hostility towards something or someone. The emotion of hate in Antigone is brought about through King Creon towards the protagonist Antigone. Throughout the play, we see King Creons hatred for the protagonist Antigone in one way or the other. Creon expresses his disgust for Antigone when she goes against him and buries her brother and argues back that she was right in doing what she had done and wasnt at all guilty, oh but I hate it even more when a traitor, caught red-handed tries to glorify his crimes.Such a harsh usage of the word hate emphasizes on how much he hates his own niece. Emotion of hate is also present in the novel House of the spirits. We see hatred from Ferula towards Esteban when he is chasing her from his house. I set my curse on you, Esteban; you will always be alone! Your body and soul will shrivel up and youll die like a dog. Reading this quote explains us how much other people are hurt through Estebans hate. There is also an emotion of pity present in the play Antigone and the novel house of spirits. This is represented at the beginning of the play through a conversation between Antigone and her sister Ismene. During the conversation, we get to know that the two sisters lost their father in a certain battle and their brothers at the same time and then we as the readers come to know that one of the brothers, Polynices, has been left unburied. And this makes us feel pity for the two sisters. There is an emotion of desire in both House of spirits and Antigone. Desire is a sense of jones within the mind, when the soul has a hungry requirement for a specific item. And in Antigone, we see this through King Creon desiring power. Through the play we see King Creons desire for power being expressed straightly through his words, That these two sisters were aiming at my throne. We see King Creon accusing the two sisters of trying to steal his power. And moreover his overwhelming desire made him think and believe that all the things happening are plans to gain his power. We experience the emotion of desire repeatedly in the novel house of the spirits through different characters. In the start, we feel Estebans desire to gain a better living standard to gain Rosa. Those were difficult times. I was about twenty-five then, but I felt as if I had only a little life left ahead of me to build my future and attain the position that I wanted. I worked like a beast and the few times I sat down to rest, not by choice but forced by the tedium of Sunday afternoons, I felt as if I were losing precious moments of my life: each idle minute meant another country away from Rosa. This clarifies that Esteban desired Rosa from his whole heart. After which we see his desire to rescue Alba from the government. There was also Blancas desire for Pedro Tercero and Esteban Garcias desire to be the heir of Esteban Trueba. Guilt is a powerful emotion because it makes people act differently than they normally act. There is also an emotion of guilt which is involved in both the play and the novel. In house of spirits, we all see that Blanca was forced to marry Jean de Satigny because she was pregnant and had no other option for her forbidden pregnancy and Jean de Satigny had no refusal towards this relationship because he had always wanted to marry a rich, young, beautiful South American heiress. And he knows that accepting this grand offer by Esteban Trueba would enable his dream come true and there was nothing for him to lose and just to gain as he didnt needed any personal fulfillment from Blanca and accepting the offer would certainly lead to advancement in his status. At the other side, emotion of guilt in Antigone is presented in scene 2 when Antigone is caught but she does not believe she has broken a true law. Creon also arrests Ismene, who tries to proclaim her guilt, but Antigone denies her and Antigone is sentenced to death. This is a bit where we experience the emotion of guilt. Emotions play a huge role towards seeking the readers attention. Having emotions in a certain novel or play attracts the readers attention and involves them into the story emotionally and to understand what the writer was trying to portray and understand the character traits by being in their position emotionally. Emotions used both in House of the spirits and Antigone had a grand effect on the readers both mentally and physically. The readers were able to understand each situation very well through the emotions brought about. For reference, in House of spirits, when we read on how Blanca used to escape at nights to meet Pedro, we extrapolate that they love each other basing on how they used to meet. We feel sad for the two sisters in Antigone when we read that they lost their father and both the brothers at the same time and one of them is still left unburied. Emotions enable to bring out the themes of the novel and the play hence allowing more understanding from the readers side. Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest: Literature Review Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest: Literature Review Go back to your writing sample from week one. Remember that it should be written as though for a university assignment. This means adhering to a structure that includes an opening statement, development paragraphs, and a conclusion. It should be no longer than 500 words long. Using Google Scholar or the search engine from your university library, search for five academic sources dealing with the same topic as the one you wrote about; these will have to be relevant to the points you want to make in your writing and support your argument or idea. Include two short quotations and three paraphrases of significant parts of the academic sources you use to support your argument. Add appropriate in-text citations and a reference list, which shows the full records of the 5 cited sources, listed in alphabetical order. Ensure that all your referencing adheres to the Chicago 16th Author-Date system. Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest is having a devastating effect on the environment. The Amazon Rainforest is the largest rainforest on Earth. Covering an area of five and a half million square kilometres, it is composed of a diversity of ecosystems forming the Amazon Basin that drains into the Amazon River. Although deforestation can occur naturally through events such as droughts that cause many trees to die, human intervention is the most prolific cause. Rising population levels within the Amazon basin have contributed to an escalation in the deforestation of the rainforest. This is due to urbanisation and an increased demand for timber to be used in building and commercial production of items such as paper, furniture and palm oil. Deforestation has a negative impact on the local environment of the Amazon. As the forest is removed the soil loses its anchor point and it is steadily eroded, most notably during the wet season. This contributes to the instability of the remaining trees and pollution of local waterways. The physical removal of the trees removes the habitats and food sources of many animal and insect species that live there. In turn this causes a reduction in diversity of the remaining species and a disruption in the ecosystem of the rainforest. (Lean and Warrilow 1989, 411-413). A study was completed which involved simulating the deforestation of the Amazon tropical rainforest, and replacing it with pastural grazing lands. The results showed a climactic variation of a weakened hydrological cycle, with less precipitation and evaporation and an increase in surface temperature. (Lean and Warrilow 1989, 411-413). The importance of the Amazon rainforest in global environmental issues is largely due to its immense size. Terrestrial plants absorb 25% of the atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide emissions are a by-product of natural processes and human interventions such as burning fossil fuels. Through a process known as sequestering the plants store carbon in their wood and soil. The massive scale of the Amazon and its sequestering capabilities leads to it being referred to as a carbon sink: able to slow the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and therefore its contribution to global warming. It can only be classified as this if it absorbs more carbon dioxide than it releases. By 2015 the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide was 400 parts per million, this was an increase from the 290 parts per million level recorded at the turn of the century. (Keenan, Trevor, Colin Prentice, Josep Canadell, Christopher Williams, Han Wang, Michael Raupach and James Collatz 2016.) The deforestation of the Amazon rainforest not only decreases the quantity of carbon able to be stored, it also causes a dramatic increase in the levels of carbon being released into the atmosphere by the dead trees. According to the Global Forest Resources Assessment, Main Report (2010), worldwide deforestation releases almost one billion tonnes of carbon into the atmosphere annually. Although measures are beginning to be implemented to reduce the levels of carbon released into the atmosphere, more needs to be done to prevent levels rising to 600 parts per million-a level the world could reach as early as 2050[m1] (Daniel Grossman 2016, 635). Due to the sheer size of the Amazon rainforest, alterations to its local environment can be felt in other parts of the world. David Werth and Roni Avissar (2002) point out that deforestation in the Amazon has a measurable effect. It can cause a reduction in levels of precipitation and evapotranspiration as well as the formation of clouds. This impact could be felt in several areas around the world, that displayed an increase in the length of their dry seasons. Restoration of the tropical rainforest areas of extensive deforestation could be greatly inhibited due to this increase in temperature and dryness. (Shukra, Nobre and Sellers 1990, 1322-1325). though the numbers are not as high as the ones recorded in the previous decade. Deforestation is the second largest anthropogenic (human-caused) source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Brazil and Indonesia, which had the highest net loss of forest in the 1990s, have significantly reduced their rate of loss, according plays a crucial role in keeping carbon out of our atmosphere, as it naturally absorbs about 28% of the atmospheric carbon emitted by the burning of fossil fuels elsewhere According to Michael Daley, associate professor of environmental science at Lasell College in Newton, Massachusetts, the No. 1 problem caused by deforestation is the impact on the global carbon cycle. Gas molecules that absorb thermal infrared radiation are called greenhouse gases. If greenhouse gases are in large enough quantity, they can force climate change, according to Daley. While oxygen (O2) is the second most abundant gas in our atmosphere, it does not absorb thermal infrared radiation, as greenhouse gases do. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most prevalent greenhouse gas. In 2012, CO2 accounted for about 82 percent of all U.S. greenhouse gas, according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Trees can help, though. 300 billion tons of carbon, 40 times the annual greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels, is stored in trees, according to Greenpeace. [m1]

Victorian Military: Rising Through the Ranks :: Victorian Era

Victorian Military: Rising Through the Ranks The British military was involved in some form of combat consecutively from 1837 to 1901. Consequently, military was a vital part of the life of a soldier or a young man looking to join the military profession. In order to join as an officer, a man had to purchase his position. However, those who entered as common soldiers could join for free. These men, however, were seen as the â€Å"lowest of the low.† If a man hoped to maintain his status in the military as well as society, he must first purchase his commission. Usually positions like colonel or captain were the first to be purchased. There were two forms of colonels, each carrying their own status. The first, known today as colonel proper was a â€Å"substantive rank from which seniority would eventually, provided they lived long enough, elevate them to join the generals† (Holves xix). The second form were colonels of regiments. They were field officers, known for advising their younger officers and having an inter est in making profits from their position. This type of colonel usually made about six hundred to nine hundred pounds a year but made about four hundred more from government granted money for their regiments. Money given to regiment colonels was often used to buy cheap uniforms; the rest was pocketed by the leading officer. The colonel’s regiment bore his name and often carried a badge from his armorial bearings. Colonels could be promoted to lieutenant colonels, who were also field officers. In war-time, promotions based on merit were far more common that purchase appointments, which surprises many (Holves 108). After purchasing a commission as lieutenant-colonel, an officer must be promoted and could not purchase any higher positions. Generals were appointed by the monarch. They were chosen according to seniority, so rarely did generals receive their position based on talent. Most generals did not receive any more pay that a colonel and may have even been on half-pay as a retired officer. A general kept his position until death. He had a strong voice in appointments for positions in his regiments, especially his secretary and aides de camp. Dragoons were soldiers with much less respect. They maintained the name â€Å"dragoon,† which had belonged to members of the cavalry, was given to dragoons so that they may maintain some form of respect. William Makepeace Thackeray’s novel Vanity Fair involves the Battle of Waterloo.

Neve Cambell :: essays research papers

Neve Campbell Neve Campbell’s career was a success because she danced. Neve Campbell started to dance when she was 6, following a visit the made to go and see the performance "The Nutcracker". When she was in dancing school (The National Ballet school of Canada) Neve had learned 5 different types of dancing. These types include jazz, flamenco, modern, hip-hop and classical. Neve reefers to the school as being "the best dance school in the world, but an extremely competitive one too". She also says that there is a lot of backstabbing mentally, with a lot of favoritism. While at her dancing stage of her life, she preformed in "Sleeping Beauty", and "The Nutcracker". But her dancing was soon to be put to a halt, for after various injuries and lots of competitiveness, she had a nervous breakdown and quit dancing when she was 15 years old. She also had been a model for two months but found that modeling had no satisfaction and very low. After this she turn ed towards the theatre for a career, since she wanted to be a performer. Another contribution to her career was when Neve was involved in the theatre. After her quitting dancing, she had turned out to be the Degas girl in "The Phantom of the Opera". She preformed at the Pantages theatre in Toronto. Neve had preformed in over 800 shows when she was done in "The Phantom of the Opera" Neve says she likes the theatre because she gets an automatic response from the audience. It was this part of her career that Neve found the love of acting, not only on a stage but to reach higher in her career and be a movie star. Neve’s career as a movie star was just the beginning of her debut on television. Neve Campbell appeared in the NBC movie " I know my son is alive". She also played Daisy in the television series "Catwalk". But Neve Cambell’s television career is most well known for her performances in "Party of Five", as Julia Slalinger. This show won an Emmy for "best show in 1995. Neve made appearances on "Kids in the hall", "kung-fu", and "Are you afraid of the dark?". She has also starred in films such as "Paint cans", Web of deceit", "The dark", "Baree", and "Canterville Ghost". The movies that Neve has been most known for are "Scream 1", "Scream 2", "Scream 3", "Wild Things", and "Hair shirt". Neve Cambell :: essays research papers Neve Campbell Neve Campbell’s career was a success because she danced. Neve Campbell started to dance when she was 6, following a visit the made to go and see the performance "The Nutcracker". When she was in dancing school (The National Ballet school of Canada) Neve had learned 5 different types of dancing. These types include jazz, flamenco, modern, hip-hop and classical. Neve reefers to the school as being "the best dance school in the world, but an extremely competitive one too". She also says that there is a lot of backstabbing mentally, with a lot of favoritism. While at her dancing stage of her life, she preformed in "Sleeping Beauty", and "The Nutcracker". But her dancing was soon to be put to a halt, for after various injuries and lots of competitiveness, she had a nervous breakdown and quit dancing when she was 15 years old. She also had been a model for two months but found that modeling had no satisfaction and very low. After this she turn ed towards the theatre for a career, since she wanted to be a performer. Another contribution to her career was when Neve was involved in the theatre. After her quitting dancing, she had turned out to be the Degas girl in "The Phantom of the Opera". She preformed at the Pantages theatre in Toronto. Neve had preformed in over 800 shows when she was done in "The Phantom of the Opera" Neve says she likes the theatre because she gets an automatic response from the audience. It was this part of her career that Neve found the love of acting, not only on a stage but to reach higher in her career and be a movie star. Neve’s career as a movie star was just the beginning of her debut on television. Neve Campbell appeared in the NBC movie " I know my son is alive". She also played Daisy in the television series "Catwalk". But Neve Cambell’s television career is most well known for her performances in "Party of Five", as Julia Slalinger. This show won an Emmy for "best show in 1995. Neve made appearances on "Kids in the hall", "kung-fu", and "Are you afraid of the dark?". She has also starred in films such as "Paint cans", Web of deceit", "The dark", "Baree", and "Canterville Ghost". The movies that Neve has been most known for are "Scream 1", "Scream 2", "Scream 3", "Wild Things", and "Hair shirt".

Disaster in Bangladesh: The Collapse of the Rana Plaza Building Essay

1. From an economic perspective, was the shift to a free trade regime in the textile industry good for Bangladesh? Employment and economic growth in Bangladesh depends upon exports of textile products which were allowed through a preferential quota system for textile market export from poor markets to rich markets. As soon as the shift to a free trade regime appeared along with the competition with countries such as China and Indonesia the quick collapse of Bangladesh’s textile industry has been predicted. However, the opposite occurred. We can highlight three major reasons to explain what happened: First is labor costs are low, even lower than in China. Obviously low hourly wages rates explain it but not only. Investments by textile manufacturers in productivity-boosting technology lowered the labor costs in Bangladesh making it one of the world’s low-cost producers. Indeed, this was an advantage during the recession because big importers increased their purchases at l ow prices. Second is strong network of supporting industries. Thus, garments manufacturers save transport and storage costs, import duties which boost their productivity. The last one is many western importers looking to diversify their supply sources. Indeed, importers fear to become too dependent toward China. As a conclusion, the reasons why Bangladesh took advantage from the shift to a free trade regime in the textile industry are beyond only low wage rates. Moreover, Bangladesh’s textile market may keep growing the next years because the trend to shift textile production away from China may continue as the wage rates are increasing fast. 2. Economically who benefits when retailers in Europe and the United States source textiles from low-wage countries such as Bangladesh? Who might lose? Do the gains outweigh the losses? For Bangladesh, it has competitive advantages which are low cost and low price. For U.S., it has higher price and fewer garments purchased locally; also, it has possible loss. Low income countries, Bangladesh’s economy, Hong Kong and customers benefit when retailers in the U.S source textiles form low-wage countries. High development countries such as U.S. may lose. Yes, gains do outweigh the losses. Bangladesh will slowly develop. Economy will get improve. 3. What the causes of the weak safety record of the Bangladesh garment industry? Do Western companies that import garments from Bangladesh bear any responsibility for what happened at the Rana Plaza and other workplace accidents? There are few regulations in Bangladesh, â€Å"there are no rules whatsoever that cannot be bent†. From this we can see that the government of Bangladesh does not care about the safety about these factories. The industry is characterized by low cost, fast production relying on cheap labor and production costs to compete with its competitors. Over three million workers, the majority of whom are young women, are employed in the Bangladesh garment industry and remain the lowest paid garment workers in the world. The lack of alternative employment options combined with widespread poverty mean these women are forced to accept jobs that are poorly paid and carried out in workplaces that fail to adhere to the most basic standards of health and safety. The rapid expansion of the industry has led to the conversion of many buildings, built for other purposes, into factories, often without the required permits. Others have had extra floors added or have increased the workforce and machinery to levels beyond the safe capacity of the building. Many factories run throughout the day and night in order to meet production targets. The establishment of factories, or the conversions of other buildings into garment factories, has often been done as quickly and as cheaply as possible, resulting in widespread safety problems including faulty electrical circuits, unstable buildings, inadequate escape routes and unsafe equipment. Yes, I think western companies should bear the responsibility. They need cheap labor in Bangladesh, but without considering and oversight of security issues about these factories 4. Do you think the legally binding agreement signed by H&M, Zara, Tesco and others will make a difference? Does it go far enough? What else might be done? Yes, I think the legally binding agreement can improve the safety level of factories in Bangladesh. But, I think it is not enough, Five years agreement it is not enough. If they still want to produce their product, they need supervise the safety forever. They must to focus on the workers  safety. 5. What do you think about Walt Disney’s decision not to purchase merchandise from Bangladesh? Is this an appropriate way of dealing with the problem? I think that Disney’s making a mistake here, withdrawing from any form of manufacturing in Bangladesh. It is of course their business and it’s quite probably a decent enough short term move for them. However, it’s exactly the wrong decision if we’re going to try and solve that long term problem of poverty in Bangladesh. 6. What do you think of Wal-Mart’s approach to this problem? Is the company doing enough? What else could it do? I do not like the way that Wal-Mart’s approach to this problem. Wal-Mart’s approach is more like a perfunctory. Bangladesh’s factories need a thorough safety inspection and refurbishment, not just set up an independent call center for garment workers to report unsafe working conditions. It is not enough. At least, Wal-Mart needs to sign the legally binding agreement like H&M, Zara, Tesco and others.

Indias Potential As An Investment Goldmine Economics Essay

India is poised in the universe scenario as a strong emerging market in all Fieldss. It being a strong emerging market besides contributes to the fact that it is a moneymaking market for investings. For the past few old ages India has been accomplishing a steady growing which is due to the huge potency it has for development in every sector. Investings in India have been on a steady rise. The aim of this paper is to foreground the factors that can assist do India the Global Investment Hub in the close hereafter. Every sector in the state has a figure of chances for investings that offer profitable returns. Therefore India is on its manner to go the preferable market for planetary investors to put in the hereafter.India: The Future Investing HubIntroductionFor the last decennary India has created its grade in the universe fiscal markets as a stable and emerging market for puting. Right from positive marks such as the upward tendency of the stock exchanges, addition in foreign direct investings, lifting GDP, increasing gold monetary values to lifting real property values. India is traveling up on the list of topographic points most desired by investors. There are many favourable factors lending to this scenario. The ordinances regulating investings by aliens have been relaxed and the procedure for doing investings have been simplified. With a big country and the range for many new and on-going undertakings India is poised at place to offer huge chances to investors while offering moneymaking returns on their investings. Sectors such as cars, banking, instruction, IT, substructure, oil and gas, power, existent estate, and telecom are active in the state with many on-going undertakings and with a range for farther investings. Over the past 5 old ages, India has been systematically accomplishing and mean growing rate of 8 per centum and has made its topographic point in the fastest turning economic systems in the universe. Figure: India ‘s GDP Growth Rate The economic lag that had its clasp on the whole universe had lesser impact on India owing majorly to its strong fiscal basicss and authorities intercession. The strong growing has been propelled by certain factors such as dining domestic market, foreign exchange militias which have been steadily turning, increasing exports, and FDI. These factors have led investors to believe and set their trust into India for puting intents. The GDP estimation for the current twelvemonth stoping March 2010, had declined to 7.5 per centum after the impact of the lag, but India on its manner to recovery still has the possible to accomplish its targeted 8 per centum growing. India has the 3rd largest stock of foreign militias among the emerging economic systems, foregrounding the fact that the economic system is on a steady way of growing. Figure: Foreign Exchange Reserves Figure: FDI Inflows in India India is likely to see the largest growing in its portion of foreign investing and go the universe leader for investing in fabrication in the following 5 old ages ( Beginning: KPMG Worldwide Survey, 2008 ) In the capital markets India has been a preferable emerging market for foreign capital influxs. Foreign Institutional Investors made a record investing in the Indian equity markets of the melody of USD 17.2 billion[ 1 ]in 2007. The Indian stock market has emerged as an of import index all around the universe and has many investors keen due to the high returns it offers. Over the last 5 old ages the Sensex has offered returns of over 19 per centum. Figure: Returns – Sensex V. Global IndexsProfitable Sectors for Investing in IndiaThe image of India has changed from merely being a pool of cheap labour to a beginning of high quality human potency. Along with this image what has besides changed are the houses and investors willing to put in India. This rush in undertakings and investings into assorted sectors of the Indian economic system has led to their rapid growing. Despite of this fact these sectors still hold a immense potency of development and offering returns. Therefore there are still a batch of chances of investing into these sectors on a big every bit good as little graduated table. These sectors have the possible to portrait India as a major investing hub. Let us now look at some of these sectors, their investing attraction and the concern potency they possess.Car and Auto Parts SectorIndia is one of the largest markets in the universe for two Wheelers and commercial vehicles, therefore being such a big universe market India already has a big figure of foreign participants runing in the state. Slowly more and more participants are happening it moneymaking to put up their ain fabrication workss in India or to come in the Indian markets through a Joint Venture ( JV ) to acquire a portion of the pie. For illustration, Renault the celebrated Gallic car shaper has entered into JV with Mahindra to acquire its autos into India, Fiat has entered into a JV with TATA to acquire its ain autos into the state. Fiat and Mercedes are besides sing the option of puting up a fabrication works in India to give a encouragement to its operations. The growing of the car sector will besides give a push to the car parts market in India which presently has 500 organized participants and over 5000 unorganised participants who operate and depend on the car industry. With the car sector on a rise over the past few old ages and India traversing the grade of 10 million vehicles in 2006-07, the hereafter of puting in this sector is profitable. In the on-going auto-expo in New Delhi, Audi, the German Car maker was quoted as stating ‘India does non hold big volumes, but it is the market for the hereafter and is bound to emerge as a major growing Centre in the Asia Pacific part in the following decennary. ‘[ 2 ] There are many factors which are lending to the growing of this sector: Easy funding in the signifier of loans and growing in buying power is driving the rider auto market. Change in the mentality of consumers i.e. consumers believe that autos should be replaced in a few old ages has led to the decrease in replacing rhythm therefore driving the gross revenues of rider autos. Global sourcing of constituents from India is expected to travel up to USD 20 billion by 2016.[ 3 ] The automotive industry is expected to increase to a size of USD 120-159 billion by 2016. It is expected to offer a Compound Annual Growth Rate ( CAGR ) of 13 per centum, which will pull a batch of investings.Information Technology SectorThe information engineering sector has evolved unusually over the past decennary. Its portion of part in the Indian GDP has risen to 5.5 per centum in 2008-09. The package and services sector has generated big employment chances. It has risen direct employment from degrees of 0.19 million in FY 98 to 2 million in FY 08. The Indirect occupation creative activity by this sector is estimated to be around 8 million. India ‘s exports account for over 64 per centum of the overall IT gross, it is expected to increase farther to degrees of 40.8 billion in FY 09.[ 4 ] The IT sector is estimated to value about USD 75 billion in 2010. It offers a CAGR to the melody of 23.2 per centum, therefore supplying benefits for investing. Many foreign participants in this section have already made their move in the Indian market to harvest the benefits of the rampant development. Global participants such as Microsoft, IBM, Cap Gemini, Accenture, Oracle and SAP have set up their offices in India and have put in heavy investings. Along with planetary participants many Indian big leagues such as Infosys, TCS are successfully taking the market. Investing is being to a great extent carried out in invention and research and development. Many companies are puting up dedicated research installations to fuel newer research and develop better and efficient merchandises. India ‘s extended pool of attorneies experienced in paralegal services and patents besides add to the advantage of development in this sector. India is besides the favorite market for outsourcing in this sector. The current market in this field is estimated to be USD 26 – 28 Billion worldwide. India is expected to hold a portion of about USD 13 – 15 Billion by 2013.InfrastructureSignificant investings are being made in the substructure sector. Many building companies are dining in India. Development undertakings such as airdrome buildings, development for Commonwealth Games 2010, building of overpasss, metro rail undertaking, monorail, industries, and other development undertakings have made India a major investing hub in substructure. The Planning Commission in its 11th five twelvemonth program from 2007 – 2012, has proposed an outgo of USD 507 billion on infrastructural activities in India. The private sector is expected to lend 25 per centum of this outgo. The outgo in the 11th five twelvemonth program on substructure has risen 125 per centum as compared to the 10th five twelvemonth program. Foreign participants such as Widmann AG, Mitsubishi Corporation, Siemens, Alstom etc. hold already made their grade in India. With such high marks of investing India is an attractive finish for puting in substructure in the close hereafter with huge growing and return possible. The authorities of India is stressing on Public Private Partnerships ( PPP ) in order to portion the brunt of the monolithic outgo, but this in a manner has opened up big possible investing chances for companies to put in India. Large substructure investings are being carried out in the undermentioned Fieldss: Electricity coevals: 70,000 MW of coevals capacity is to be added, a batch of investing is being put into non conventional beginnings of energy. Roadss: new national main roads, rural roads are being constructed. New stamps are being raised for the same and undertakings on Build Operate Transfer ( BOT ) footing are being introduced. Airports: building of 35 non tube airdromes, and universe category airdromes in metro metropoliss.Oil and Gas Sector100 per centum FDI topic to sectorial policy ordinance except in refineries owned by national oil companies.Constitutes 15 per centum of India ‘s GDP.[ 5 ] Caters to 45 per centum of India ‘s energy demand. India is one of the largest petroleum importers and consumers in the universe. This sector is wholly unfastened for planetary participants to come in, therefore showing a huge potency for investing. Foreign participants who are already present in the Indian market include British Petroleum, Shell, BG Group, Chevron and Total. Many new undertakings are in the grapevine and are waiting for the sufficient investing to come in. For illustration, the HPCL started refinery in Punjab could non continue work because of deficiency of enterprises, as non much investing was being put in. The undertaking picked up gait one time LN Mittal led Mittal Energy Pvt. Ltd. decided to put in the refinery. Undertakings such as bing refinery enlargements new refinery buildings puting up of new retail mercantile establishments for crude oil sale laying of cross state grapevines for gas and crude oil transit keep big potency for investing.PowerInvestings ( Xth program ) USD 72 billion Investings ( XIth program ) EstimateUSD 150 billionTransmission Network Capacity ( XIth program ) Estimate37,150 MWRegulatory100 per centum FDI allowed in all sections including tradingOutstanding participantsNTPC, Powergrid, ABB, Alstom, Siemens, GMR, Adani GroupForeign participantsBP, BG Group, Shell, Chevron, TotalThe power sector offers a batch of chances for investing. Major alterations are being adopted for power coevals, as investing is being made into hydro power coevals, natural gas based workss, and old existing workss are being redeveloped to accommodate the modern times. The authorities aims at illuming up the whole state, i.e. supplying electricity to all by 2015 therefore the transmittal web is being extended to supply for rural electrification.[ 6 ] Besides denationalization of electricity distribution in many parts of the state has led to heavy investings by private sector houses. Rural electrification provides a big range for investing as less than 50 per centum of rural families receive electricity.Retail SectorIndia is the 2nd most attractive retail finish worldwide.[ 7 ] Current FDI policies allow 100 per centum foreign investing merely in sweeping cash-n-carry and 51 per centum in single-brand retailingRetail industry was estimated at USD 330 billion in FY07. The unorganised market in retail is far greater in India, but the portion of the organized market is lifting and is expected to lift to 9.6 per centum by FY12. India is the fifth largest retail finish worldwide. The retail industry is expected to lift to an estimated degree of USD 618 billion in FY12. It provides for an attractive CAGR of 13 per centum. Foreign participants such as Levis Strauss, Wal-mart, Nike, Marks and Spencers etc. have set up their shops in India and see it as a primary market for their operations. Further chances Opportunity: Retail franchises have being turning at over 60 per centum over the past 3 old ages, and are expected to turn further. Growth in hypermarkets and supermarkets in India is estimated at 50 per centum CAGR and 30 per centum for convenience shops in the period of 2006-11E. The retail roar is get downing to make the smaller towns. As the growing of the retail sector seeps down to the smaller towns the part of this sector will lift and lend to the overall development of the part.Real EstateThe existent estate in India has been on a steady rise with belongings and land rates increasing of all time steadily. India offers many puting options to foreigner and local investors. The real property sector contributes about 5 – 6 per centum to the GDP. The factors lending to the rush in the real property sector can be classified as: Turning population Rising income degrees Urbanization Rapid growing in the IT sector The sector is expected to increase from USD 57 billion in 2007 to USD 105 billion in FY 12. The investings in this sector offer a CAGR of 12.8 per centum. The planetary participants runing in the Indian market are Emmar, Rakeen, Dishman Spires etc. Opportunity in the sector: Residential: lifting population and urbanisation will take to a demand for newer lodging. Commercial: the demand for commercial infinite is lifting led by newer companies in the IT and Banking sector. Retail: newer shopping promenades and retail mercantile establishments will besides drive the real property monetary values. SEZs: Particular Economic Zones are coming up and pulling farther investings.Travel and TourismThe travel and touristry industry of any state has an of import function to play, providing to the tourers who come to see the state. India has been ranked among the top five tourer finishs out of 167 states. Tourism contributes 2.3 per centum to India ‘s GDP i.e. 28.1 billion.[ 8 ] India is expected to hold about 10 million tourers in 2010. Investings of about USD 11.41 billion are expected in the cordial reception sector in the following 2 old ages. 40 major hotel trade names have their presence in India. The industry is expected to turn up to USD 60.5 billion by 2018, offering a CAGR of 8 per centum. Major hotel trade names present in India are Shangri-La, Emaar MGF, Starwood Hotels, Hilton, Park Hotels, Accor. Opportunity for Investing: The budget allocated for touristry has been increased. The authorities provides for five twelvemonth revenue enhancement vacation for two, three and four star hotels in the National Capital Region ( NCR ) . Commonwealth games in NCR provide a great chance for investings in the cordial reception sector. Increased domestic travel has created a high demand for mid section budget hotels. Medical attention bundles that combine stay with yoga and spas attract tourers and have become a extremely profitable investing.Banking and Financial ServicesThe banking sector has grown multi creases in India pulling many world-wide Bankss to setup their subdivisions in India. Many Indian Bankss have besides ridden on the success narrative of the banking sector. The recent economic lag which led to the prostration of many Bankss worldwide did non impact the banking scene of India to a great extent because of the strong basicss. The recognition extended by Indian Bankss grew 25.3 per centum at the terminal of FY 08.[ 9 ] Common Fund industry at the terminal of 2008 valued USD 130 billion. India stands as one of the fastest life insurance markets in the universe with a growing of 36 per centum in 2008. Opportunities in the Sector Entire banking assets to increase to USD 1 Trillion. SME Finance, Agri and Rural Finance, Institutional Finance and Project Finance offer a great chance for puting. Life insurance market is expected to turn with a CAGR of 35 per centum over the following 3 old ages to USD 80 – 100 billion.[ 10 ] Health, motor, and unit linked insurance besides offer a great potency. Private Equity, Venture Capital, Structured Finance, Real Estate Finance, Leveraged Finance are other emerging option for puting.EducationEducation in India holds a great potency to develop as an investing chance. The move towards denationalization of instruction has led to heavy investings in this field. Government outgo on instruction has grown at a CAGR of 11.6 per centum to UDS 29.5 billion in FY07. Merely 2 per centum of schools in India are IT enabled, therefore supplying an investing chance to follow information communicating engineering in schools. Opportunity in the SectorRegulatory Framework for Foreign Direct Investment[ 11 ]Figure: Regulatory Framework for Foreign Direct Investment The automatic path requires no anterior blessing from any regulative organic structure prior to registering but merely after, it needs interaction with the RBI though an authorised trader or banker. FDI in sectors necessitating anterior blessing by the Government is categorized under Approval path. The blessing is granted by the Government of India, Ministry of Finance, and Foreign Investment Promotion Board ( FIPB ) .Portfolio Investment for FIIsFIIs and NRIs registered with SEBI can put through portfolio strategies. FIIs can buy/sell securities on stock exchanges in those sectors which are non restricted. They can put up to 30 per centum of its portfolio in debt instruments. If a FII declares itself to be a 100 per centum debt FII it can do its full investing in debt or other eligible instruments.Tax Incentives that Drive Investment in IndiaSEZsA unit puting up operations in SEZ can bask income revenue enhancement vacation for a period of 15 old ages from the poin in clip it begins to fabricate its merchandise or starts operations.Export Oriented Units ( EOUs )Enterprises in Export Processing Zones ( EPZ ) or Free Trade Zones ( FTZ ) or Software Technology Park ( STP ) are eligible to 100 per centum tax write-off on the net incomes from exports for 10 back-to-back old ages.Commercial Production or Refining of Mineral Oil100 percent revenue enhancement vacation for projects engaged in commercial production of mineral oil for the first 7 old ages.In House Research and DevelopmentA tax write-off of one and a half clip of the outgo incurred on the scientific research.Tax Holidays for Infrastructure ProjectsUndertakings engaged in substructure undertakings ar e entitled to a 10 twelvemonth revenue enhancement vacation.Tax Holidays for Power UndertakingsFirms engaged with power undertakings are entitled to a revenue enhancement vacation of 10 old ages. These revenue enhancement inducements pull heavy investings in these sectors as they prove to be good. These revenue enhancement inducements provide higher returns for the houses engaged in the undertakings. They prove to be good for the authorities every bit good, as they help in the puting up of industries in backward countries and aid in their development.DecisionIndia has a huge potency to pull investings from assorted beginnings in different sectors. The conditions present in India such as revenue enhancement inducements, authorities enterprises have a positive impact on investings. The stableness that India has shown in the clip of economic lag has raised the trust of the investors in the Indian economic system. With many undertakings in the grapevine India has to offer a big range for investings. Foreign influxs have over the old ages brought in big sums of hard currency militias in the state and the favourable conditions are expected to raise the degrees even more. Therefore India over the following few old ages has the possible to pull major investings and go a planetary investing hub. Its trusty image and invariably lifting GDP besides contribute to the procedure of India going a moneymaking market for investing.